Unterschiede

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--- amomum_subulatum_roxb [2016/01/31 10:37] – andreas
+++ amomum_subulatum_roxb [2026/02/23 10:16] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
-Amomum subulatum Roxb. - Zingiberaceae - black cardamom, large cardamom, **Schwarzer Kardamom**, Nepal-Kardamom, Brauner Kardamom
+Amomum subulatum Roxb. syn. Cardamomum subulatum (Roxb.) Kuntze - Zingiberaceae - black cardamom, large cardamom, Nepal cardamom, **Nepal-Kardamom**, Schwarzer Kardamom, Brauner Kardamom
-Perennial herb of Nepal, India, Bhutan and China, 1-2m high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 25-60cm long; flowers yellow. \\
+Perennial herb of Nepal, India, Bhutan and China, 1-2m high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, 25-60cm long; flowers yellow. [[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028341|efloras.org]]
-[[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028341]]
-"The pods are used as a spice, in a similar manner to the green Indian cardamom pods, but with a different flavor. Unlike green cardamom, this spice is rarely used in sweet dishes. Its smoky flavor and aroma derive from traditional methods of drying over open flames." [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cardamom]]
+"The pods are used as a spice, in a similar manner to the green Indian cardamom pods, but with a different flavor. Unlike green cardamom, this spice is rarely used in sweet dishes. Its smoky flavor and aroma derive from traditional methods of drying over open flames. At least two distinct species are called black cardamom: Amomum subulatum (also known as Nepal cardamom) and [[lanxangia_tsao-ko_crevost_lemarie_m.f.newman_skornick|Lanxangia tsaoko]] (formerly Amomum tsao-ko). The pods of A. subulatum, used primarily in the cuisines of India and certain regional cuisines of Pakistan, are the smaller of the two, while the larger pods of L. tsaoko (Chinese: wiktionary:草果; pinyin: cǎoguǒ; Vietnamese: thảo quả) are used in Vietnamese cuisine and Chinese cuisine, particularly that of Sichuan province." [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_cardamom|wikipedia]]
-{{http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/BlackCardamom.jpg?500}} \\
+{{blackcardamom_brianarthur.jpg?600}} \\
-Author: Brian Arthur  [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/|CC BY-SA 3.0]], via [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlackCardamom.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]]
+Author: Brian Arthur  [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/|CC BY-SA 3.0]],  [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BlackCardamom.jpg|Wikimedia Commons]]
-"The steam-distilled volatile oil of the large cardamon (Amomum subulatum Roxb.), grown in Sikkim, India, was analysed by GC-MS. It consists of monoterpenic hydrocarbons (16.3%), oxygenated monoterpenes (75.2%) and sesquiterpenes (6.3%). Its major constituents are 1,8-cineole (61.3%), α-terpineol, α- and β-pinene and allo-aromadendrene." \\
+Major constituents of the steam-distilled volatile oil of large cardamon (Amomum subulatum Roxb.), grown in Sikkim, India, were 1,8-cineole (61.3%), α-terpineol, α- and β-pinene and allo-aromadendrene. Minor components were monoterpenes like carvone, linalyl acetate and hydroxycitronellal e.g., and sesquiterpenes like α-copaene, and β-cedrene, e.g. \\
 [Volatile Constituents of Large Cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.). Gurudutt, K. N., Naik, J. P., Srinivas, P. and Ravindranath, B., Flavour Fragr. J., Vol.11 (1), 1996, 7-9]
-| {{:1.8cineole.jpg| 1,8-cineole }} \\ 1,8-cineole | {{:terpineol_alpha.jpg| α-terpineol}} \\ α-terpineol |{{:alpha_pinene.jpg| α-pinene}} \\ α-pinene | {{:beta_pinene.jpg| β-pinene}} \\ β-pinene: |
+| {{:1.8cineole.jpg| 1,8-cineole }} \\ 1,8-cineole | {{:terpineol_alpha.jpg| α-terpineol}} \\ α-terpineol |{{:alpha_pinene.jpg| α-pinene}} \\ α-pinene | {{:beta_pinene.jpg| β-pinene}} \\ β-pinene |
 "Oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the seeds of green, freshly dried and those available in the local market of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.) were analyzed by GC and GC/MS. A total of 33 components were identified by mass spectra and relative retention indices. The major component of the oil was 1,8-cineole (81.5-86%)." \\
@@ Zeile 20: / Zeile 19: @@
 [Studies on quality attributes of cultivars of large cardamom (Amomum subulatum Roxb.)., Pura Naik, J., Kumar, M., Sulochanamma, G., Ramesh, B. S., Journal of Food Science and Technology (India), Vol.43(3), 2006, 308-311]
-{{http://plantgenera.org/ILLUSTRATIONS_HD/61488.jpg?500}} \\
+Major components of the hydrodistilled essential oil obtained from the fruits of A.subulatum grown in the northeast region of Sikkim were 1,8-cineole (65.3%), α-terpineol (10.1%), β-pinene (7.2%), α-pinene (4.0%), linalool oxide (3.2%), and limonene (2.5%). \\
-Amomum subulatum Roxb. \\
+[Kumar, Gopal, Baby Chauhan, and Mohammed Ali. "Essential oil Composition of the Fruits of Amomum subulatum Roxb." (2012).] [[http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.301.6845&rep=rep1&type=pdf|PDF]]
-Roxburgh, W., Plants of the coast of Coromandel, vol. 3: t. 277 (1819) [n.a.] \\
-[[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=53582]]
+"Amomum subulatum (A. Braun) P.C.M. Jensen, black cardamom or large cardamom, is native to Sikkim. The Sikkim State of India alone contributes 50% of the world production of large cardamom." Main components of the essential oil were 1,8-cineole (41.7%), geraniol (12.5%), geranyl acetate (6.0%), α-terpineol (5.4%), geranial (3.1%), and linalool (3.0%). Interesting minor components were e.g. neral (0.9%), (E)-2-decenal (0.7%), and thymol (0.3%). \\
+[Noumi, Emira, et al. "Chemical and biological evaluation of essential oils from cardamom species." Molecules 23.11 (2018): 2818] [[https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/23/11/2818/pdf?version=1540891467|PDF]]
+{{amomum_subulatum.jpg?700}} \\
+Amomum subulatum Roxb., Roxburgh, W., Plants of the coast of Coromandel, vol.3: t.277 (1819) [n.a.]
+[[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=53582|plantgenera.org]]
+{{:amomum_sub.jpg?700|Amomum subulatum}} \\
+Amomum subulatum, Bagmati, Nepal (2024) © Sagnik Dutta Roy [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/|CC BY-SA 4.0]] [[https://www.inaturalist.org/observations?taxon_id=635284|inaturalist.org]]