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--- cola_nitida_vent._schott_endl [2014/10/30 14:45] – andreas
+++ cola_nitida_vent._schott_endl [2016/10/07 07:32] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
-Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl. - Sterculiaceae - Gbanja cola, bitter cola, **Bittere Kolanuss**, (Echter) Kolabaum
+Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl. - Sterculiaceae - Gbanja cola, bitter cola, **Gbanja Kola**, Kolabaum
-Tree, native to the west coast of Africa (Guinea to Togo), cultivated in Africa, introduced elsewhere (tropics, subtritropics).
+Tree, native to the west coast of Africa (Guinea to Togo), cultivated in Africa, introduced elsewhere (tropics, subtropics).
 "The main flowering flush commences in the middle of the wet season between July and August, but sometimes May-January and gives rise to the crop which is harvested four or five months later. Analysis of 108 herbarium specimens of C. nitida showed that flowers had been collected through most of the year across this species’ range. Few flowering specimens were collected in March-April...\\
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 [Content of polyphenolic compounds in the Nigerian stimulants Cola nitida ssp. alba, Cola nitida ssp. rubra A. Chev, and Cola acuminata Schott & Endl and their antioxidant capacity. Atawodi, S. E. O., Pfundstein, B., Haubner, R., Spiegelhalder, B., Bartsch, H., Owen, R. W., Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Vol.55(24), 2007, 9824-9828]
-"The mature fruit of Cola species is a nut known as kolanut. It has a bitter flavour and high caffeine content.  It is chewed in many West African cultures individually or in a group setting. It is often used ceremonially, presented to tribal chiefs or to guests. Chewing kolanut can ease hunger pangs. Kolanuts are used mainly for their stimulant and euphoriant qualities...  It is chewed in many West African cultures individually or in a group setting. It is often used ceremonially, presented to tribal chiefs or to guests. Chewing kolanut can
+"Catechin, epicatechin, theobromine and caffeine were detected in Cola seeds. Among the three species, C. nitida is found to be highest in flavonoid and caffeine content while C. anomala possessed high amount of theobromine. Catechin was the dominant flavonoid. Caffeine was the major alkaloid in Cola seeds and was considered as one of the signature compounds due to its concentration range. The average concentrations in C. acuminata, C. nitida and C. anomala accessions were 11066 ± 3166, 13761 ± 2728 and 7013 ± 2369 mg/kg FW respectively." \\
-ease hunger pangs. Kolanuts are used mainly for their stimulant and euphoriant qualities." \\
+[Purine alkaloids and phenolic compounds in three Cola species and Garcinia kola grown in Cameroon. Niemenak, N., Onomo, P. E., Lieberei, R., Ndoumou, D. O., South African Journal of Botany, Vol.74(4), 2008, 629-638]
+"The mature fruit of Cola species is a nut known as kolanut. It has a bitter flavour and high caffeine content.  It is chewed in many West African cultures individually or in a group setting. It is often used ceremonially, presented to tribal chiefs or to guests. Chewing kolanut can ease hunger pangs. Kolanuts are used mainly for their stimulant and euphoriant qualities...  It is chewed in many West African cultures individually or in a group setting. It is often used ceremonially, presented to tribal chiefs or to guests." \\
 [Phytochemical and Antimicrobial Studies of Four Species of Cola Schott & Endl. (Sterculiaceae), Mubo Adeola Sonibare, Micheal O Soladoye, Oyedokun O Esan, Oluwadayo O Sonibare, Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med., Vol.6(4), 2009, 518–525] [[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2816472/pdf/AJT0604-0518.pdf]]
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 {{:cnitida.jpg|}} \\
 [[http://carpe.umd.edu/Documents/2001/report-tachieobeng_brown2001.pdf]]
+{{cola_nitida.jpg}} \\
+Cola nitida, Photographer: Wilma Dijkstra, 2012, Gambia \\
+[[http://www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de/root/index.php?page_id=14&id=3038]] \\
+Brunken, U., Schmidt, M., Dressler, S., Janssen, T., Thiombiano, A. & Zizka, G. 2008. West African plants - A Photo Guide. www.westafricanplants.senckenberg.de. - Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.