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--- rhus_aromatica_ait [2016/11/24 09:00] – andreas
+++ rhus_aromatica_ait [2016/11/24 09:08] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 3: / Zeile 3: @@
 Bushy deciduous shrub, up to 1m high, native to eastern North America; leaves alternate, trilobed, crenate to dentate, fragrant when crushed; shiny dark green, autumn color red to purple; flowers greenish-yellow; fruits red.
+"The leaves and stems of fragrant sumac have a citrus fragrance when crushed, and it inhabits mostly uplands areas, while poison ivy has no odor and can inhabit various habitats." [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhus_aromatica]]
 "Aqueous extracts of plant root or stem bark exhibited anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effects. Also inhibition of muscarinic receptor-mediated contraction of human bladder was demonstrated. These properties support the traditional use of Rhus aromatica for the treatment of urinary incontinence, overactive bladder,  cystitis,  functional  bladder  problems  and  certain types of uterine hemorrhages... \\
+While a dry aqueous stem/root bark extract of fragrant sumac (fragrant sumac extract) was in the focus of this study, we identified gallic acid as its leading compound. Using HPLC with gallic acid as authentic reference substance, gallic acid could be identified in the fragrant sumac extract. Quantitative analyses revealed a content of about 150 mg gallic acid per gram extract... \\
+The extract exhibited a high level of anti-HSV activity with IC50-values of 0.0005 % for HSV-1 and 0.0043% for HSV-2 as well as high selectivity indices (SI) of 5400 for HSV-1 and 628 for HSV-2... \\
 Apparently, pretreated herpesviruses are very sensitive to the fragrant sumac extract tested. This finding suggests that fragrant sumac extract interferes with virion envelope structures or is masking viral compounds which are necessary for adsorption or entry into host cells. Furthermore, the inhibition of HSV-1 and HSV-2 replication appears to occur before entering the cells but not after penetration of the viruses into the cells...  therapeutic application of a fragrant sumac extract containing cream, or oral dosage form as antiviral agents in recurrent herpesvirus infection or as protecting agent appears to be promising." \\
-[Antiviral activity of Rhus aromatica (fragrant sumac) extract against two types of herpes simplex viruses in cell culture., Reichling, J., Neuner, A., Sharaf, M., Harkenthal, M., Schnitzler, P., Die Pharmazie-An International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 64(8), 2009, 538-541]
-"Former chemical investigation of root/stem bark of Rhus aromatica revealed about 8% tannins, gallic acid, flavonoids like quercetin and quercitrin, the phenolic compound orcin-ß-d-glucoside, triterpenes like oleanon aldehyde, oleanol aldehyde, ß-sitosterin and stigmast-7-en-3-ß-ol as well as 0.01 to 0.07% essential oil with the major components geranyl acetone, α-ambrinol, dihydro-γ-ionone, farnesyl acetone and dinorlabdenons (Effenberger and Schilcher 1990). While a dry aqueous stem/root bark extract of fragrant sumac (fragrant sumac extract) was in the focus of this study, we identified gallic acid as its leading compound. Using HPLC with gallic acid as authentic reference substance, gallic acid could be identified in the fragrant sumac extract. Quantitative analyses revealed a content of about 150 mg gallic acid per gram extract... \\
-The extract exhibited a high level of anti-HSV activity with IC50-values of 0.0005 % for HSV-1 and 0.0043% for HSV-2 as well as high selectivity indices (SI) of 5400 for HSV-1 and 628 for HSV-2. In order to determine the mode of antiviral action, the fragrant sumac extract was added at different times to the cells or viruses during the viral infection cycle. At maximum non-cytotoxic concentration (0.25%), plaque formation was significantly reduced by more than 99% when herpes simplex viruses were pretreated with the plant extract for 1 h prior to cell infection. When the host cells were pretreated with the fragrant sumac extract for 1 h prior to virus infection, the infectivity of viruses was reduced by 50% for HSV-1 but only moderately for HSV-2. No antiviral effect was seen when the plant extract was added to already infected host cells. Based on these findings the plant extract seems to interact not only with the viral envelope but also with the surface of the host cells impairing the ability of herpes simplex viruses to adsorb to and penetrate into the host cells. In conclusion, the aqueous fragrant sumac extract revealed a strong antiviral activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2 in vitro." \\
 [Antiviral activity of Rhus aromatica (fragrant sumac) extract against two types of herpes simplex viruses in cell culture., Reichling, J., Neuner, A., Sharaf, M., Harkenthal, M., Schnitzler, P., Die Pharmazie, Vol.64(8), 2009, 538-541]