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Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon - Pinaceae - lodgepole pine, twisted pine, shore pine, **Drehkiefer**, Küstenkiefer

Evergreen tree, native to western North America (shore of the Pacific Ocean). "Depending on subspecies, Pinus contorta grows as an evergreen shrub or tree. The shrub form is krummholz and is approximately 1-3m high... The species name is contorta because of the twisted, bent pines found at coastal areas and the tree's twisted needles." [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_contorta|wikipedia]] 

"The sapwood and heartwood of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) and knobcone pine (P. attenuata) have been examined for monoterpenes, fatty and resin acids. While eleven monoterpenes were identified as common to both species, the principal difference in the monoterpenes is in their major components, namely β-phellandrene (71%) in lodgepole pine and α-pinene (72%) in knobcone pine." \\
[Monoterpenes, fatty and resin acids of Pinus contorta and Pinus attenuata., Anderson, A.B., Riffer, R., Wong, A., Phytochemistry, Vol.8(12), 1969, 2401-2403]

| {{beta_phellandrene.jpg|(-)-β-phellandrene}} \\ (-)-β-phellandrene | {{:beta_pinene.jpg| β-pinene }} \\ β-pinene | {{:terpineol_alpha.jpg|α-terpineol}} \\ α-terpineol | {{estragole.jpg|}} \\ estragole (methyl chavicol) | {{:bornylacetate.jpg| bornyl acetate }} \\ bornyl acetate |

"Gas chromatographic analysis of the volatile oil of the leaf oil of lodgepole pine from the Rocky Mountains showed β-phellandrene (34%) and β-pinene (30.5%) as major components. Lesser amounts of α-pinene (6.5%), myrcene (3%), cis-ocimene (2.5%), 3-carene (1.5%), terpinolene (1%), γ-terpinene (0.3%), α-terpineol (4%), terpinen-4-ol (0.5%), estragole (0.5%), bornyl acetate (0.5%), linalool (0.3%), a mixture of cadinene isomers (5%), cadinol and muurolol isomers (1.5%), nerolidol (0.6%), and tentatively identified camphene, α-phellandrene, limonene, isopulegol, camphene hydrate, citronellol, bisabolol, and cis- and trans-farnesol were recorded." \\
[Chemosystematic studies in the genus Pinus: the leaf oil of Pinus contorta var. latifolia., Pauly, G., Rudloff, E.V., Canadian Journal of Botany, Vol.49(7), 1971, 1201-1210]

{{:pinus_contorta.jpg?600}} \\
Sargent, C.S., The Silva of North America, vol. 11: t. 567 (1898) [C.E. Faxon] [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=794201|plantgenera.org]]

{{:pinus_contorta_sspcontorta.jpg}} \\
Pinus contorta spp.contorta  [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinus_contorta#/media/File:Pinus_contorta_28289.JPG|Wikimedia Commons]] © Walter Siegmund [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/|CC BY-SA 2.5]]