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Turnera diffusa Willd. - syn.Turnera microphylla Ham. - Turneraceae
damiana, Mexican holly, (Schmalblättrige) Damiana
Small evergreen shrub, up to 2m high, native to Central America; leaves ovate to obovate, serrate, aromatic; flowers yellow.
Turnera aphrodisiaca = Turnera diffusa Willd. var. aphrodisiaca
„Plants of damiana(Turnera diffusa Willd.) are important to industry and traditional medicine in semi-arid climates. Although all populations are wild, no reports have been made previously of their different phenotypes. Here, we investigated various micromorphological characteristics and the levels of essential oils in two phenotypes. Oils were extracted from fresh leaves via hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Morphological analyses were conducted under a stereoscopic microscope and with a scanning electron microscope. In all, 56 compounds were identified, enabling us to distinguish separate phenotypes. DL1 plants mainly contained 1,8-cineole, 10-epi-gamma-eudesmol, and guaiol; whereas those of DL2 primarily constituted ß-pinene, ß-caryophyllene oxide, cadinene, and α-cadinol. These two phenotypes also differed in their morphologies, with DL1 leaves showing elevated essential oil concentrations, but lacking trichomes. In contrast, the DL2 plants had lower contents of essential oils but did possess trichomes on their abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces.“
[Differences in essential oil production and leaf structure in pheno-types of damiana(turnera diffusa willd., Lilia Alcaraz-Meléndez, Sergio Real-Cosío, Václav Suchý, Emil Švajdlenka, Journal of Plant Biology, Vol.50(3), 2007, 378-382]
„While not listed in the famous Cruz and Badiano libellus medicinalibus indorum herbis from 1552, which describes and depicts many medicinal plants used in pre-Hispanic times in Mexico, Turnera diffusa was nonetheless used by North American Indians since times immemorial as a tonic for muscle weakness and to regain strength after alcoholic and sexual excesses…
Turnera diffusa [is] one of the species having been evaluated negatively due to missing data on efficacy (but not because of any known risks) by the Commission E of the German Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte…“