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--- spartium_junceum_l [2017/03/29 23:20] – andreas
+++ spartium_junceum_l [2026/03/11 11:30] (aktuell) – andreas
@@ Zeile 1: / Zeile 1: @@
 Spartium junceum L. - Fabaceae - spanish broom, Pfriemenginster, **Spanischer Ginster**
-"S.junceum... the sole species in the genus Spartium... is a vigorous, deciduous shrub growing to 2-4m tall, ...  native to the Mediterranean in southern Europe, southwest Asia and northwest Africa... has been widely introduced into other areas, and is regarded as a noxious invasive species in places with a Mediterranean climate such as California and Oregon, Hawaii, central Chile, southeastern Australia, the Western Cape in South Africa and the Canary Islands and Azores...\\
+"S.junceum... the sole species in the genus Spartium... is a vigorous, deciduous shrub growing to 2-4m tall, ...  native to the Mediterranean in southern Europe, southwest Asia and northwest Africa... has been widely introduced into other areas, and is regarded as a noxious invasive species in places with a Mediterranean climate such as California and Oregon, Hawaii, central Chile, southeastern Australia, the Western Cape in South Africa and the Canary Islands and Azores... The plant is also used as a flavoring, and for its essential oil, known as genet absolute."  [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartium|wikipedia(EN)]]
-The plant is also used as a flavoring, and for its essential oil, known as genet absolute."  \\
-[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartium]]
-"The flowers are bright yellow and very fragrant. They are 2 to 2.5cm tall and stand on 5 mm long pedicles in long, loose racemes terminal on young shoots... The shrub sheds its leaves in early summer, to prevent the evaporation of water through the leaves. Photosynthesis happens then only in the green rods. The species is highly poisonous. Poisoning cause vomiting, respiratory paralysis and kidney damage." \\
+"The flowers are bright yellow and very fragrant. They are 2 to 2.5cm tall and stand on 5 mm long pedicles in long, loose racemes terminal on young shoots... The shrub sheds its leaves in early summer, to prevent the evaporation of water through the leaves. Photosynthesis happens then only in the green rods. The species is highly poisonous. Poisoning cause vomiting, respiratory paralysis and kidney damage." [[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartium_junceum|wikipedia(DE)]]
-[[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartium_junceum]]
-Broom flowers were picked early in the morning before sun becomes intense and vacuum headspace was collected 30 minutes after picking for 30-45 minutes. The concentrate of the headspace volatiles contained methyl anthranilate (32%), 2-aminobenzaldehyde (11%), benzyl cyanide (5.2%), indole (5%), phenylethanol (2.6%), phenylacetaldoxime (2%), α-farnesene (1.8%), and phenylethyl butyrate (1.1%). \\
+Broom flowers were picked early in the morning before sun becomes intense and vacuum headspace was collected 30 minutes after picking for 30-45 minutes. The concentrate of the headspace volatiles contained methyl anthranilate (32%), 2-aminobenzaldehyde (11%), benzyl cyanide (5.2%), indole (5%), phenylethanol (2.6%), phenylacetaldoxime (2%), α-farnesene (1.8%), and phenylethyl butanoate (1.1%). \\
 [Joulain, D. "Study of the fragrance given off by certain springtime flowers." Progress in essential oil research (1986): 57-67]
-The rich aromatic-floral scent of broom in bloom is composed of methyl anthranilate, indole, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-yl benzoate, nerolidol, eugenol, phenylethyl butyrate, phenylethanol, methyl benzoate, phenylacetaldehyde, linalool and many minor and trace constituents. \\
+"Of several species of Spartium (fam. Leguminosae), known as broom, Spartiium junceum L. is used in perfumey. It grows wild in the Mediterranean countries. According to Guenther, the yellow-golden flowers possess an odor 'reminiscent of orange blossoms and grape.' Another source describes the genet flower odor as 'dusty sweet, somewhat leathery and neroli-like.' ... About 1,200 kg of flowers are required to yield 1kg of concrete which gives 0.30 to 0.35 kg of alcohol-soluble absolute. The absolute is viscous oil of a dark-brown color. Yields of the concrete ranging from 0.09 to 1.18 percent were reported by another source. The dark-brown solid waxy concrete gave 30 to 40 percent of absolute. A steam distilled concrete yielded 2 percent of a volatile oil which is only used in analysis and research." \\
+[Pajaujis Anonis, D. "Broom (genêt) in perfumery." Perfumer & flavorist 16.5 (1991): 55-57]
+[[https://media.allured.com/documents/9139.pdf|PDF]]
+| {{:methylanthranilate.jpg| methyl anthranilate}} \\ methyl anthranilate | {{:2-aminobenzaldehyde.jpg| 2-aminobenzaldehyde}} \\ 2-aminobenzaldehyde | {{:indole.jpg| indole}} \\ indole |
+The rich aromatic-floral scent of broom in bloom is composed of methyl anthranilate, indole, (Z)-hex-3-en-1-yl benzoate, nerolidol, eugenol, phenylethyl butanoate, phenylethanol, methyl benzoate, phenylacetaldehyde, linalool and many minor and trace constituents. \\
 [Kaiser, Roman. "Environmental scents at the Ligurian coast." Perfum. Flavor 22 (1997): 7-18]
@@ Zeile 25: / Zeile 28: @@
 [Extraction of quinolizidine alkaloids in non aqueous basic conditions: the case of Spartium junceum flowers., Belsito, E. L., Chidichimo, G., Di Gioia, M. L., Leggio, A., Liguori, A., Perri, F., Siciliano, C., Chromatographia, Vol.68(5-6), 2008, 345-349]
-{{:spart_junc.jpg?500}} \\
+{{:spart_junc.jpg?700}} \\
-spanish broom (left) \\
+spanish broom (left), Gourdon, J., Naudin, P., Nouvelle iconographie fourragère, Atlas, \\
-Gourdon, J., Naudin, P., Nouvelle iconographie fourragère, Atlas, p. 62, t. 23, fig. 1 (1865-1871) \\
+p.62, t.23, fig.1 (1865-1871) [[http://www.plantillustrations.org/species.php?id_species=963340|plantillustrations.org]]
-[[http://www.plantillustrations.org/species.php?id_species=963340]]
+{{:spartium_junceumcc0.jpg?700}} \\
+Spanish broom bush © Ewilli08 [[https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/deed.en|CC0]] [[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spanish_Broom.jpg|wikimedia]]