| Beide Seiten der vorigen RevisionVorhergehende ÜberarbeitungNächste Überarbeitung | Vorhergehende Überarbeitung |
| tilia_cordata_mill [2018/08/02 12:33] – andreas | tilia_cordata_mill [2026/06/25 11:03] (aktuell) – andreas |
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| Dried flowers ared used as diaphoretic, as described for [[tilia_platyphyllos_scop|Tilia platyphyllos]]. | Dried flowers ared used as diaphoretic, as described for [[tilia_platyphyllos_scop|Tilia platyphyllos]]. |
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| "In the countries of Central and Western Europe, linden flowers are a traditional herbal remedy made into an herbal..., considered to be of value as an anti-inflammatory in a range of respiratory problems: colds, fever, flu, sore throat, bronchitis, and cough." [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilia_cordata]] | "In the countries of Central and Western Europe, linden flowers are a traditional herbal remedy made into an herbal..., considered to be of value as an anti-inflammatory in a range of respiratory problems: colds, fever, flu, sore throat, bronchitis, and cough." [[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilia_cordata|wikipedia]] |
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| "Thus the difference in the composition of the aroma compounds between the headspace and the **essential oil** is clearly shown. This is also the case with **dried lime tree flowers** (Flores Tiliae). The main constituents of the essential oil of this drug are 1,8-cineole, linalol, carvone, thymol and carvacrol (concentration more than 2 %), but all of these volatiles only be detected in the headspace in a concentration below. On the other hand p-cymene, fenchone, and α- and β-thujone are only trace compounds of this essential oil.\\ | "Thus the difference in the composition of the aroma compounds between the headspace and the **essential oil** is clearly shown. This is also the case with **dried lime tree flowers** (Flores Tiliae). The main constituents of the essential oil of this drug are 1,8-cineole, linalol, carvone, thymol and carvacrol (concentration more than 2 %), but all of these volatiles only be detected in the headspace in a concentration below. On the other hand p-cymene, fenchone, and α- and β-thujone are only trace compounds of this essential oil.\\ |
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| The highly sensitive 2,6-dimethyl-3(E),5(Z),7-octatriene-2-ol and its 5(E) isomer (natural ratio 1:10, sweet floral odor) are major constituents present only in the headspace and not in extracts of the flowers of T.cordata.\\ | The highly sensitive 2,6-dimethyl-3(E),5(Z),7-octatriene-2-ol and its 5(E) isomer (natural ratio 1:10, sweet floral odor) are major constituents present only in the headspace and not in extracts of the flowers of T.cordata.\\ |
| [Trapping, Investigation and Reconstitution of Flower Scents, Roman Kaiser, in: Müller, P.M., and Lamparsky, D. eds. Perfumes: Art, Science and Technology. Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht 1994, 213-250] | [Trapping, Investigation and Reconstitution of Flower Scents, Roman Kaiser, in: Müller, P.M., and Lamparsky, D. eds. Perfumes: Art, Science and Technology. Springer Science & Business Media, Dordrecht 1994, 213-250] but \\ |
| | Later on, headspace analysis of hyacinth flowers showed that 2,6-dimethylocta-1,3,5,7-tetraenes and 2,6-dimethylocta-3,5,7-triene-2-ols are associated with charcoal as adsorbing material. It was shown that these compounds are artefacts from ocimene which mainly arise during sampling with charcoal. \\ |
| | [Headspace analysis of hyacinth flowers. Brunke, E. J., Hammerschmidt, F. J., Schmaus, G., Flavour and fragrance journal, Vol.9(2), 1994, 59-69] |
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| "More than 45 headspace constituents of the **living lime tree flowers** were detected by gas chromatographic-spectroscopic methods; more than 35 of them were identified. Main components (concentration higher than 3%) of this mixture with an odour impression similar to that of the genuine lime tree flowers' as well as with weak fresh and aromatic side-notes were limonene (22%), p-cymene (22%), δ3-carene (15%), germacrene-D (9%), β-phellandrene (4%) and farnesol (4%). Using a GC-sniffing technique, regions of specific odour impressions were found by means of which the total odour of the headspace sample of the living flowers was determined: the aromatic odour was caused especially by p-cymene, trans-carveol and germacrene-D; the floral part by linalool, 2-phenylethanol, trans-rose oxide, geraniol, nerol, 2-phenylethyl acetate, geranyl acetate and partly, nerolidol; the fresh part by camphene, limonene and camphor; and the narcotic part by 2-phenylethanol, nerol, heliotropin and farnesol. However, indole, 2-phenylethyl benzoate, farnesyl acetate and some other sesquiterpenes had additional odour notes. The headspace sample of the cut flowers was dominated by a strong terpenic and fresh note with coumarin side-notes, while the typical odours of the genuine flowers were less impressive." \\ | "More than 45 headspace constituents of the **living lime tree flowers** were detected by gas chromatographic-spectroscopic methods; more than 35 of them were identified. Main components (concentration higher than 3%) of this mixture with an odour impression similar to that of the genuine lime tree flowers' as well as with weak fresh and aromatic side-notes were limonene (22%), p-cymene (22%), δ3-carene (15%), germacrene-D (9%), β-phellandrene (4%) and farnesol (4%). Using a GC-sniffing technique, regions of specific odour impressions were found by means of which the total odour of the headspace sample of the living flowers was determined: the aromatic odour was caused especially by p-cymene, trans-carveol and germacrene-D; the floral part by linalool, 2-phenylethanol, trans-rose oxide, geraniol, nerol, 2-phenylethyl acetate, geranyl acetate and partly, nerolidol; the fresh part by camphene, limonene and camphor; and the narcotic part by 2-phenylethanol, nerol, heliotropin and farnesol. However, indole, 2-phenylethyl benzoate, farnesyl acetate and some other sesquiterpenes had additional odour notes... \\ |
| | The heavy sweetness and sultriness of the fragrance of the lime tree flowers undoubtedly was due to the content of indole and 2-phenylethyl acetate." \\ |
| [Comprative headspace anaysis of living and fresh cut lime tree flowers (Tiliae flores). G. Buchbauer, B. Remberg, L. Jirovetz, A. Nikiforov, Flavour and Fragrance Journal (1995) 10(3):221 - 224] | [Comprative headspace anaysis of living and fresh cut lime tree flowers (Tiliae flores). G. Buchbauer, B. Remberg, L. Jirovetz, A. Nikiforov, Flavour and Fragrance Journal (1995) 10(3):221 - 224] |
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| As shown by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), linden honey volatiles having high factors of dilution (FD) were identified as 1-hexen-3-one, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, dimethyl trisulphide, methional, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, linalool, p-cresol, 3,9-epoxy-1-p-menthene, 4-methylacetophenone, 3,9-epoxy-1,4(8)-p-menthadiene (linden ether), 1,3-p-menthadien-7-al, p-anisaldehyde, 4-vinylguaiacol, (E)-β-damascenone, eugenol, vanillin and cis-rose oxide. \\ | As shown by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA), linden honey volatiles having high factors of dilution (FD) were identified as 1-hexen-3-one, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, dimethyl trisulphide, methional, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, linalool, p-cresol, 3,9-epoxy-1-p-menthene, 4-methylacetophenone, 3,9-epoxy-1,4(8)-p-menthadiene (linden ether), 1,3-p-menthadien-7-al, p-anisaldehyde, 4-vinylguaiacol, (E)-β-damascenone, eugenol, vanillin and cis-rose oxide. \\ |
| [Intensive neutral odourants of linden honey Differences from honeys of other botanical origin., Blank, I., Fischer, K.H., Grosch, W., Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und Forschung, 189(5), 1989, 426-433] [[http://imreblank.ch/ZLUF_1989_189_426.pdf]] | [Intensive neutral odourants of linden honey Differences from honeys of other botanical origin., Blank, I., Fischer, K.H., Grosch, W., Zeitschrift für Lebensmittel-Untersuchung und Forschung, 189(5), 1989, 426-433] [[http://imreblank.ch/ZLUF_1989_189_426.pdf|PDF]] |
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| |{{:lindenether.jpg|linden ether}} \\ [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1374431.html|linden ether]] \\ //(floral mint)// |{{:cis_roseoxide.jpg|cis-rose oxide}} \\ [[http://www.leffingwell.com/chirality/roseoxide.htm|cis-rose oxide]] //(floral green)//| | |{{:lindenether.jpg|linden ether}} \\ [[http://www.thegoodscentscompany.com/data/rw1374431.html|linden ether]] \\ (3,9-epoxy-1,4(8)-p-menthadiene) \\ //(floral mint)// |{{:cis_roseoxide.jpg|cis-rose oxide}} \\ [[http://www.leffingwell.com/chirality/roseoxide.htm|cis-rose oxide]] \\ //(floral green)//| |
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| "It was shown that 3.9-epoxy-1.4(8)-p-menthadiene and cis-rose oxide, both occurring also in the blossoms of the lime tree Tilia cordata (L.), were typical odourants of the linden honey." \\ | "It was shown that 3.9-epoxy-1.4(8)-p-menthadiene and cis-rose oxide, both occurring also in the blossoms of the lime tree Tilia cordata (L.), were typical odourants of the linden honey." \\ |
| [Determination of the Chemical Structure of Linden Ether. Imre Blank, Werner Grosch, Wolfgang Eisenreieh, Adelbert Bacher, and Joachim Firl, Helvetica Chimica Acta, Volume 73 (1990), 1250-1257] [[http://imreblank.ch/HCA_1990_73_1250.pdf]] | [Determination of the Chemical Structure of Linden Ether. Imre Blank, Werner Grosch, Wolfgang Eisenreieh, Adelbert Bacher, and Joachim Firl, Helvetica Chimica Acta, Volume 73 (1990), 1250-1257] [[http://imreblank.ch/HCA_1990_73_1250.pdf|PDF]] |
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| | Linden nectar extracts contained compounds of fatty acid degradation (nonanal, decanal, tetradec-1-ene), phenylpropanoids (3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propan-1-ol, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propanal, 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enal), isoprenoids (vomifolione, vomifoliol, and 3,5,5-trimethyl-4-(3-oxobutyl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one), alkaloids (caffeine, theophylline, a trace of nicotine), and a complex mixture of monoterpenes, among them linden ether and 1,8-cineole. Main components of ripe linden bee honey were benzoic acid and phenylacetic acid, together with two new monoterpenic acids, 4-isopropenylcyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid and 4-(1-hydroxy-1-methyl-ethyl)cyclohexa-1,3-diene-1-carboxylic acid. \\ |
| | [Naef, Regula, et al. "From the linden flower to linden honey-volatile constituents of linden nectar, the extract of bee‐stomach and ripe honey." Perspectives in Flavor and Fragrance Research (2005): 31-40] [[http://www.untiredwithloving.org/honey_bee_linden.pdf|PDF]] |
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| {{:tilia_cordata.jpg|}} \\ | {{:tilia_cordata.jpg|}} \\ |
| Tilia cordata as Tilia parviflora: Kohl, F.G., Die officinellen Pflanzen der Pharmacopoea Germanica, t.51 (1891-1895) \\ | Tilia cordata as Tilia parviflora: Kohl, F.G., Die officinellen Pflanzen der Pharmacopoea Germanica, t.51 (1891-1895) \\ |
| [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=1017551]] | [[http://plantgenera.org/species.php?id_species=1017551|plantgenera.org]] |
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| {{:tilia_cordata_botg.jpg?700}} \\ | {{:tilia_cordata_botg.jpg}} \\ |
| Tilia cordata flowers, [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/|CC BY-SA 3.0]], Author: Andreas Kraska | Tilia cordata flowers (c) Andreas Kraska [[https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/de/|CC BY-SA 3.0]] |
