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 [Antihyperlipidemic effect of flavonoids from Pterocarpus marsupium., Jahromi, M.F., Ray, A.B., Chansouria, J.P.N., Journal of Natural Products, Vol.56(7), 1993, 989-994]
-"The effect of administration of different doses of Pterocarpus santalinus L. bark extracts in normal and diabetic rats, on blood glucose levels was evaluated in this study. Among the three fractions (aqueous, ethanol and hexane), ethanolic fraction at the dose of 0.25 g/kg body weight showed maximum antihyperglycemic activity. The same dose did not cause any hypoglycemic activity in normal rats. The results were compared with the diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide and the antihyperglycemic activity of ethanolic extract of PS bark at the dose of 0.25 g/kg b.w. was found to be more effective than that of glibenclamide." \\
+"An active constituent of Pterocarpus marsupium, (-)-epicatechin, has been reported to reverse hyperglycemia in alloxan diabetic rats when given before or within 24 hr after the dose of alloxan. However, when doses of (-)-epicatechin (30 mg/kg, i.p., twice daily for 3 days) are begun 92 hr after alloxan, there is no significant difference in blood glucose levels between control and (-)-epicatechin treated rats. These data suggest that, although (-)-epicatechin may protect against alloxan toxicity under certain conditions, the usefulness of (-)-epicatechin appears minimal in the treatment of already established diabetic states." \\
-[Effect of oral administration of bark extracts of Pterocarpus santalinus L. on blood glucose level in experimental animals., Rao, B.K., Giri, R., Kesavulu, M.M., Apparao, C.H., Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Vol.74(1), 2001, 69-74]
+[A constituent of Pterocarpus marsupium,(-)-epicatechin, as a potential antidiabetic agent., Sheehan, E.W., Zemaitis, M.A., Slatkin, D.J., Schiff Jr,P.L., Journal of natural products, Vol.46(2), 1983, 232-234]
-Preparations of the dried sap from the incised bark was known as (Malabar) kino used against diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, and for the treatment of the oral mucosa. \\
+Preparations of the dried sap (Malabar kino) from the incised bark have been used against diarrhea, intestinal bleeding, and for the treatment of the oral mucosa. Several other species of Pterocarpus (P.angolensis; P.erinaceus; P.indicus; P.santalinus; P.santalinoides) provide resins that are traded as kino (with good or minor quality). 80% of the resin is soluble in cold water, 90% in hot water. "Kino tannic acid" content is 70-80%. \\
 [Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Springer 2010]
 "The bark of the P. marsupium tree is rough, grey, longitudinally fissured and scaly. Older trees exude a blood-red gum resin. The tree’s heartwood is golden yellow, while its sapwood is pale yellow to white in color... \\
-Some medicinal uses of P. marsupium as mentioned in ayurveda: Leaf - External application for boils, sores and skin diseases, stomach pain; bark - astringent, toothache; flower - fever; gum-kino - diarrhea, dysentery, leucorrhoea, passive haemorrhages \\
+Some medicinal uses of P. marsupium as mentioned in ayurveda: Leaf - External application for boils, sores and skin diseases, stomach pain; bark - astringent, toothache; flower - fever; gum-kino - diarrhea, dysentery, leucorrhoea, passive haemorrhages... \\
 Although crude extracts from various parts of P. marsupium have medicinal applications from time immemorial, modern drugs can be developed after extensive investigation of its bioactivity, mechanism of
 action, pharmacotherapeutics, and toxicity and after proper standardization and clinical trials. \\